Kusan rabin wutar lantarkin da ake amfani da su a duniya ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar injina, don haka ana kiran ingancin injin mafi inganci don magance matsalolin makamashi a duniya.
Gabaɗaya magana, yana nufin canjin ƙarfin da halin yanzu ke gudana a cikin filin maganadisu zuwa aikin rotary, kuma a faffadar ma'ana, yana kuma haɗa da aikin layi.Dangane da nau'in samar da wutar lantarki da injin ke tafiyar da shi, ana iya raba shi zuwa injin DC da injin AC.Bisa ga ka'idar jujjuyawar mota, ana iya raba shi da kyau zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa.(sai dai injuna na musamman)
Motar AC AC Brushed Motar: Motar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai ana kiranta DC motor gabaɗaya.Na'urar lantarki da ake kira "brush" (gefen stator) da "commutator" (gefen armature) ana tuntuɓar su akai-akai don sauya abin da ke gudana, ta haka ne ake yin aikin juyawa.Motar DC maras goge: Ba ya buƙatar goge-goge da masu jigilar kaya, amma yana amfani da ayyukan sauyawa kamar transistor don canza halin yanzu da yin juyi.Motar Stepper: Wannan motar tana aiki tare tare da ƙarfin bugun jini, don haka ana kiranta pulse motor.Siffar sa ita ce yana iya samun sauƙin aiwatar da aikin sakawa daidai.Motar Asynchronous: Madadin halin yanzu yana sa stator ya samar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa, wanda ke sa rotor ya haifar da halin yanzu kuma yana jujjuya ƙarƙashin hulɗarsa.AC (madaidaicin halin yanzu) motar motsa jiki na aiki: madaidaicin halin yanzu yana haifar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa, kuma na'ura mai juyi tare da sandunan maganadisu yana jujjuyawa saboda jan hankali.Adadin juyawa yana aiki tare da mitar wutar lantarki.
A halin yanzu, filin maganadisu da ƙarfi Da farko, don sauƙaƙe bayanin mai zuwa na ƙa'idar mota, bari mu sake nazarin ƙa'idodi / ƙa'idodi game da halin yanzu, filin maganadisu da ƙarfi.Ko da yake akwai ji na nostalgia, yana da sauƙi a manta da wannan ilimin idan ba ku amfani da abubuwan maganadisu akai-akai.
Ta yaya motar ke juyawa?1) motar tana jujjuyawa tare da taimakon maganadisu da ƙarfin maganadisu.A kusa da maganadisu na dindindin tare da shaft mai juyawa, ① jujjuya maganadisu (don samar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuya), ② bisa ga ka'idar cewa sanduna daban-daban na sandar N da sandar S suna jan hankali da matakin guda ɗaya, ③ magnet tare da juyi juyi zai juya.
Halin da ke gudana a cikin waya yana haifar da filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa (maganin maganadisu) a kusa da shi, ta yadda magnet din ke jujjuya, wanda a zahiri yanayin aikin daya ne kamar wannan.
Bugu da kari, lokacin da wayar ta raunata a cikin nada, karfin maganadisu yana hadewa, yana samar da babban filin maganadisu (magnetic flux), yana haifar da N-pole da S-pole.Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar shigar da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin madubin mai siffa mai siffa, layin filin maganadisu ya zama mai sauƙi don wucewa kuma zai iya haifar da ƙarfin maganadisu mai ƙarfi.2) Mota mai jujjuyawa ta gaske Anan, azaman hanyar amfani da injin jujjuya wutar lantarki, ana gabatar da hanyar kera filin maganadisu mai jujjuyawa ta amfani da AC mai hawa uku da coil.(Ac na uku-uku siginar AC ne tare da tazarar lokaci na 120). 120. Ƙwayoyin da ke da ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki suna samar da igiyoyin N, kuma masu ƙananan wuta suna haifar da sandar S.Kowane lokaci yana canzawa bisa ga igiyoyin sine, don haka polarity (N pole, S pole) wanda kowane coil ya haifar da filin maganadisu (ƙarfin maganadisu) zai canza.A wannan lokacin, kawai kalli coils ɗin da ke haifar da sandunan N, kuma canza su a cikin tsari na U-phase coil →V-phase coil →W-phase coil →U-phase coil, don haka yana juyawa.Tsarin ƙaramin mota Hoton da ke gaba yana nuna tsarin gaba ɗaya da kwatankwacin injin hawa, gogaggen injin DC da injin DC maras goga.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na waɗannan injinan sun fi yawa coils, magnets da rotors.Bugu da kari, saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan, an raba su zuwa nau'in kafaffen na'ura mai kayyadadden nau'in na'ura da nau'in tsayayyen nau'in maganadisu.
Anan, maganadisu na goga DC an daidaita shi a waje, kuma nada yana juyawa a ciki.Goga da mai motsi suna da alhakin samar da wuta ga nada da canza alkiblar yanzu.Anan, ana gyara murhun injin ɗin da ba shi da buroshi a waje kuma magnet ɗin yana juyawa a ciki.Saboda nau'ikan injina daban-daban, tsarinsu ya bambanta ko da na asali iri ɗaya ne.Za a yi bayani dalla-dalla a kowane bangare.Motar da aka goge Tsarin injin buroshi Mai zuwa shine bayyanar gogaggen injin DC ɗin da ake amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin ƙirar, da fashe zanen ƙirar sandar igiya guda biyu (maɗaukaki biyu) injin ramuka uku (coils uku).Wataƙila mutane da yawa suna da ƙwarewar kwance injin da kuma fitar da maganadisu.Ana iya ganin cewa maganadisu na dindindin na goga DC motar tana gyarawa, kuma juzu'in injin goga DC na iya juyawa a tsakiyar tsakiyar ciki.Ana kiran gefen kafaffen "stator" kuma ana kiran gefen juyawa "rotor".
Ka'idar jujjuyawar injin goga ① Juyawa a kan agogo baya daga farkon jihar Coil A yana saman, yana haɗa wutar lantarki zuwa goga, kuma bari gefen hagu ya kasance (+) kuma gefen dama ya kasance (-).Babban halin yanzu yana gudana daga goga na hagu zuwa ga coil A ta hanyar sadarwa.Wannan tsari ne wanda sashin sama (a waje) na coil A ya zama sandar S.Tunda 1/2 na halin yanzu na coil A yana gudana daga goga na hagu zuwa nada B da coil C a kishiyar hanya zuwa nada A, ɓangarorin na waje na coil B da coil C sun zama rarraunan sandunan N (wanda aka nuna ta ƙananan haruffa a cikin adadi).Filin maganadisu da aka samar a cikin waɗannan coils da tunkuɗewa da jan hankali na maganadiso ya sa coils ɗin ke jujjuya zuwa gaba da agogo.② kara jujjuyawar agogo baya.Bayan haka, ana ɗauka cewa goga na dama yana hulɗa da masu tafiya guda biyu a cikin jihar cewa coil A yana juya agogon agogo da digiri 30.A halin yanzu na coil A ci gaba da gudana daga goga na hagu zuwa goga na dama, kuma gefen waje na nada yana riƙe sandar S.Guda ɗaya kamar nada A yana gudana ta cikin coil B, kuma waje na coil B ya zama N-pole mai ƙarfi.Tunda duka ƙarshen nada C suna gajeriyar kewayawa ta goge-goge, babu motsi na yanzu kuma babu filin maganadisu.Ko da a wannan yanayin, za a sa shi da ƙarfin jujjuyawar agogo.Daga ③ zuwa ④, babban coil ɗin yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙarfin motsi zuwa hagu, kuma ƙananan coil ɗin yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙarfin motsi zuwa dama, kuma yana ci gaba da juyawa a kan agogo.Lokacin da nada ya juya zuwa ③ da ④ kowane digiri 30, lokacin da na'urar ta kasance sama da tsakiyar axis na kwance, gefen waje na nada ya zama sandar S;Lokacin da nada yana ƙasa, ya zama N sandar, kuma ana maimaita wannan motsi.A wasu kalmomi, ana maimaita jujjuya na sama zuwa wani ƙarfin da ke motsawa zuwa hagu, kuma ƙananan na'ura ana maimaita su da karfi da ke motsawa zuwa dama (duka biyu a kan agogo).Wannan yana haifar da na'ura mai jujjuyawa koyaushe yana jujjuya sa'a.Idan an haɗa wutar lantarki zuwa kishiyar goga na hagu (-) da goga na dama (+), za a samar da filin maganadisu mai maɓalli dabam-dabam a cikin coil ɗin, don haka alkiblar ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi a kan nada shima akasin haka, yana juya agogo. .Bugu da kari, lokacin da aka katse wutar lantarki, rotor na injin goga zai daina jujjuyawa saboda babu filin maganadisu da zai ci gaba da juyawa.Motar mara buroshi mai cikakken igiyoyi uku-uku Bayyanar da tsarin injin mai cikakken kauri mai hawa uku.
Zane-zane na tsarin ciki da daidai da'irar haɗin coil na injin mai cika fuska uku-uku na gaba shine zane-zane na tsarin ciki da kuma kwatankwacin zanen da'ira na haɗin coil.Zane-zane na cikin gida misali ne mai sauƙi na 2-pole (2 maganadiso) 3-slot (3 coils).Yana kama da tsarin injin goga tare da adadin sanduna da ramummuka iri ɗaya, amma an gyara gefen coil kuma magnet na iya juyawa.Tabbas, babu goga.A wannan yanayin, na'urar tana ɗaukar hanyar haɗin Y, kuma ana amfani da nau'in semiconductor don samar da na yanzu zuwa na'urar, kuma ana sarrafa shigar da fitarwa na halin yanzu gwargwadon matsayin magnet mai juyawa.A cikin wannan misali, ana amfani da kashi na Hall don gano matsayin maganadisu.An tsara ɓangaren Hall ɗin tsakanin coils, kuma yana gano ƙarfin lantarki da aka samar bisa ga ƙarfin filin maganadisu kuma yana amfani da shi azaman bayanin matsayi.A cikin hoton FDD spindle motor da aka bayar a baya, ana kuma iya ganin cewa akwai sinadarin Hall (a sama da nada) tsakanin coil da coil don gano matsayin.Hall element sanannen firikwensin maganadisu ne.Ana iya canza girman filin maganadisu zuwa girman ƙarfin lantarki, kuma ana iya wakilta alkiblar filin maganadisu ta hanyar tabbatacce da korau.
Ƙa'idar jujjuyawar motsi mai cikakken motsi mara igiyar ruwa ta gaba, za a yi bayanin ka'idar jujjuyawar injin ɗin ta hanyar matakan ① ~ ⑥.Don sauƙin fahimta, maganadisu na dindindin an sauƙaƙe shi daga madauwari zuwa rectangular anan.① A cikin coil uku, bari naɗaɗɗen 1 a daidaita shi a cikin 12 na sa'o'i na agogo, za a daidaita 2 a cikin 4 na agogo, kuma za a gyara 3 a cikin 8. hanyar karfe agogon.Bari sandar N na maganadisu na dindindin 2 ya kasance a hagu kuma sandar S ya kasance a dama, kuma yana iya juyawa.Io na yanzu yana gudana zuwa cikin coil 1 don samar da filin maganadisu na S-pole a wajen nada.Io/2 halin yanzu yana gudana daga coil 2 da coil 3 don samar da filin maganadisu N-pole a wajen nada.Lokacin da filayen maganadisu na coil 2 da coil 3 suka kasance da haɗin gwiwar vector, ana samar da filin maganadisu N-pole zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya ninka girman filin maganadisu sau 0.5 da ake samarwa lokacin da Io na yanzu ke wucewa ta cikin naɗa ɗaya, kuma idan aka ƙara shi cikin maganadisu. filin nada 1, ya zama sau 1.5.Wannan zai samar da filin maganadisu mai hade tare da kwana 90 dangane da maganadisu na dindindin, don haka za a iya samar da matsakaicin karfin juyi kuma magnet din din din yana juyawa a agogo.Lokacin da halin yanzu na coil 2 ya ragu kuma na yanzu na coil 3 ya karu bisa ga yanayin jujjuyawar, sakamakon magnetic shima yana jujjuya agogon agogo, kuma magnet din dindindin shima yana ci gaba da juyawa.② Lokacin da aka juya ta 30 digiri, Io na yanzu yana gudana a cikin coil 1, don haka halin yanzu a cikin coil 2 ya zama sifili, kuma Io na yanzu yana gudana daga cikin coil 3. Gefen waje na coil 1 ya zama sandar S, kuma gefen waje na nada 3 ya zama sandar N.Lokacin da aka haɗu da vectors, filin maganadisu da aka samar shine sau √3 (≈1.72) wanda ke haifarwa lokacin da Io na yanzu ke wucewa ta cikin nada.Wannan kuma zai haifar da filin maganadisu a kusurwar 90 dangane da filin maganadisu na maganadisu na dindindin, kuma yana juyawa ta agogo.Lokacin da aka rage inflow Io na coil 1 bisa ga matsayi na juyawa, shigar da na'urar na'ura 2 yana ƙaruwa daga sifili, kuma fitar da na'urar nada 3 ya karu zuwa Io, sakamakon magnetic filin kuma yana jujjuya agogon agogo. kuma maganadisu na dindindin na ci gaba da juyawa.Zaton cewa kowane lokaci halin yanzu sinusoidal ne, darajar halin yanzu a nan ita ce io × sin (π 3) = io × √ 32. Ta hanyar haɗakarwar filin maganadisu, jimlar filin maganadisu shine (√ 32) 2 × 2 = sau 1.5 na filin maganadisu da aka samar ta hanyar nada.※.Lokacin da kowane lokaci na halin yanzu ya zama sine , komai inda magnet ɗin ya kasance, girman filin maganadisu mai haɗaɗɗiyar vector shine sau 1.5 na filin maganadisu da aka samar ta hanyar nada, kuma filin maganadisu yana samar da kusurwa 90-digiri dangane da filin maganadisu na maganadisu na dindindin.③ A cikin yanayin ci gaba da juyawa ta digiri 30, Io / 2 na yanzu yana gudana zuwa cikin coil 1, Io / 2 na yanzu yana gudana zuwa cikin coil 2, kuma Io na yanzu yana gudana daga nada 3. Gefen waje na nada 1 ya zama sandar S. , gefen waje na coil 2 ya zama sandar S, kuma gefen waje na nada 3 ya zama N.Lokacin da aka haɗu da vectors, filin maganadisu da aka samar shine sau 1.5 wanda aka haifar lokacin da Io na yanzu ke gudana ta cikin nada (daidai da ①).Anan, filin maganadisu na roba tare da kusurwar digiri 90 dangane da filin maganadisu na maganadisu na dindindin kuma za'a samar da shi kuma ana juyawa ta agogo baya.④～⑥ Juyawa kamar yadda ① ~ ③.Ta wannan hanyar, idan halin yanzu da ke gudana a cikin nada yana ci gaba da canzawa bisa ga matsayin maganadisu na dindindin, maganadisu na dindindin zai juya zuwa madaidaiciyar hanya.Hakazalika, idan halin yanzu yana gudana ta wata hanya dabam kuma filin maganadisu na roba ya juyo, zai juya gaba da agogo baya.Hoto mai zuwa yana nuna halin yanzu na kowane coil a kowane mataki daga ① zuwa ⑥.Ta hanyar gabatarwar da ke sama, ya kamata mu iya fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin canji na yanzu da juyawa.stepmotor Motar taki wani nau'in mota ne wanda zai iya sarrafa kusurwar juyawa da saurin aiki tare kuma daidai da siginar bugun jini.Ana kuma kiran motar motsa jiki "motar bugun jini".Ana amfani da motar motsa jiki sosai a cikin kayan aikin da ke buƙatar matsayi saboda yana iya gane daidaitaccen matsayi kawai ta hanyar sarrafa madauki ba tare da amfani da firikwensin matsayi ba.Tsarin injin tako (bipolar mai kashi biyu) A cikin misalan bayyanar, an ba da bayyanar HB (matasan) da PM (maganin dindindin) na matakan hawa.Jadawalin tsarin da ke tsakiyar kuma yana nuna tsarin HB da PM.Motar Stepper tsari ne mai kafaffen nada da maganadisu na dindindin.Tsarin ra'ayi na tsarin ciki na motsa motar a hannun dama shine misalin PM motor ta amfani da coils biyu (ƙungiyoyi biyu).A cikin ƙayyadaddun tsarin misali na motsin motsi, ana shirya coil a waje kuma an shirya magnet ɗin dindindin a ciki.Baya ga matakai biyu, akwai nau'ikan dabaru da matakai uku da matakai guda biyar.Wasu injinan hawa suna da wasu sifofi daban-daban, amma don gabatar da ka'idodin aikin su, wannan takarda ta ba da ainihin tsarin matakan hawa.Ta wannan labarin, ina fatan in fahimci cewa injin ɗin da ke tafiya yana ɗaukar tsarin daidaitawar coil da jujjuyawar maganadisu na dindindin.Asalin ƙa'idar aiki ta injin motsa jiki (ɗaɗaɗaɗɗen lokaci-ɗaya) Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna amfani da su don gabatar da ainihin ƙa'idar aiki na motsa motar.① A halin yanzu yana gudana daga gefen hagu na coil 1 kuma daga gefen dama na coil 1. Kada ku bari halin yanzu ya gudana ta hanyar coil 2. A wannan lokacin, ciki na hagu na 1 ya zama N, kuma cikin ciki nada dama 1 ya zama S.. Saboda haka, tsakiyar dindindin maganadisu yana jan hankalin filin maganadisu na coil 1, kuma yana tsayawa a yanayin gefen hagu S da gefen dama N.. ② Dakatar da halin yanzu a cikin coil 1, ta yadda halin yanzu yana gudana daga gefen sama na coil 2 kuma yana gudana daga gefen ƙasa na coil 2. Gefen ciki na babban coil 2 ya zama N kuma gefen ciki na ƙananan nada 2 ya zama S. Magnet ɗin dindindin. Filin maganadisu yana jan hankalinsa kuma yana tsayawa yana juyawa 90 agogon agogo.③ Dakatar da abin da ke cikin nada 2, ta yadda halin yanzu zai gudana daga gefen dama na coil 1 kuma ya fita daga gefen hagu na coil 1. Ciki na hagu na 1 ya zama S, kuma ciki na hannun dama 1. ya zama N. Magnet ɗin dindindin yana jan hankalin filin maganadisu, kuma yana juyawa a kusa da agogo don wani digiri 90 ya tsaya.④ Dakatar da abin da ke cikin coil 1, don haka halin yanzu yana gudana daga gefen ƙasa na coil 2 kuma yana gudana daga gefen sama na coil. ƙananan coil 2 ya zama N. Magnet ɗin dindindin yana jan hankalin filin maganadisu, kuma yana juyawa agogon agogo don wani digiri 90 ya tsaya.Za'a iya jujjuya injin ɗin ta hanyar canza yanayin da ke gudana ta cikin coil a cikin tsari na sama daga ① zuwa ④ ta hanyar lantarki.A cikin wannan misali, kowane aikin sauyawa zai juya motar motsa jiki ta hanyar 90. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da halin yanzu ya ci gaba da gudana ta hanyar wani nau'i na na'ura, zai iya kiyaye yanayin tsayawa kuma ya sa motar motsa jiki ta sami karfin riƙewa.Af, idan halin yanzu da ke gudana ta cikin nada ya juyo, za a iya jujjuya motar stepper a kishiyar shugabanci.
