Ba ku cikakkiyar fahimta game da tsari, ƙa'idar aiki, fa'idodi da rashin amfani na compressors axial flow compressors.
Ilimi game da axial compressors
Axial flow compressors da centrifugal compressors duka suna cikin nau'in compressors na sauri, kuma duka biyun ana kiran su compressors turbine;ma'anar nau'in kwampreso na nau'in gudun yana nufin cewa ka'idodin aikin su sun dogara da ruwan wukake don yin aiki akan iskar gas, kuma da farko suna sa iskar gas Gudun gudu yana karuwa sosai kafin canza makamashin motsi zuwa makamashin matsa lamba.Idan aka kwatanta da kwampreso na centrifugal, tun da yawan iskar gas a cikin kwampreso ba ya tare da radial shugabanci, amma tare da axial shugabanci, babban alama na axial kwarara kwampreso shi ne cewa gas kwarara iya aiki da naúrar yanki ne babba, kuma iri daya. A ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafa ƙarar iskar gas, girman radial ƙananan ne, musamman dacewa da lokuttan da ke buƙatar babban kwarara.Bugu da kari, da axial kwarara kwampreso kuma yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sauki tsari, dace aiki da kuma kiyayewa.Koyaya, a fili yana da ƙasa da compressors na centrifugal dangane da hadadden bayanin martabar ruwa, manyan buƙatun tsarin masana'antu, kunkuntar wurin aiki, da ƙaramin kewayon daidaita magudanar ruwa a koyaushe.
Hoton da ke gaba shine zane mai tsari na tsarin tsarin AV na axial flow compressor:
1. Chassis
An ƙera mashin ɗin kwampreshin kwararar axial don a raba shi a kwance kuma an yi shi da baƙin ƙarfe (karfe).Yana da halaye na mai kyau rigidity, babu nakasawa, amo sha da kuma vibration rage.Matsa tare da kusoshi don haɗa na sama da na ƙasa cikin madaidaicin duka.
Ana goyan bayan kullun a kan tushe a maki hudu, kuma an saita matakan tallafi guda hudu a bangarorin biyu na ƙananan katako kusa da tsaka-tsakin tsaga na tsakiya, don haka goyon bayan naúrar yana da kwanciyar hankali.Biyu daga cikin maki huɗu na tallafi sune ƙayyadaddun maki, kuma sauran biyun suna zamewa maki.Hakanan ana ba da ƙananan ɓangaren casing tare da maɓallan jagora guda biyu tare da jagorar axial, waɗanda ake amfani da su don faɗaɗa thermal na naúrar yayin aiki.
Don manyan raka'a, madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin yana goyan bayan madaidaicin swing, kuma ana amfani da kayan musamman don yin haɓakar thermal ƙarami kuma rage canjin tsakiyar tsayin naúrar.Bugu da kari, an saita goyan baya na tsaka-tsaki don ƙara ƙaƙƙarfan naúrar.
2. Silinda mai ɗaukar hoto a tsaye
Silinda mai ɗaukar vane na tsaye shine silinda mai goyan baya don daidaitacce vanes na kwampreso.An tsara shi azaman tsaga a kwance.Girman geometric an ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙirar aerodynamic, wanda shine ainihin abun ciki na tsarin tsarin compressor.Zoben shigar ya yi daidai da ƙarshen ci na silinda mai ɗauke da vane na tsaye, kuma mai watsawa yayi daidai da ƙarshen shaye-shaye.An haɗa su da bi da bi tare da casing da hannun riga don samar da hanyar haɗuwa na ƙarshen ci da faɗaɗa na ƙarshen shaye.An haɗa tashar da tashar da aka kafa ta hanyar rotor da vane bearing cylinder don samar da cikakkiyar tashar iska ta iska na axial flow compressor.
Jikin Silinda na silinda mai ɗauke da vane na tsaye an jefa shi daga baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙyalli kuma an ƙera shi daidai.Ƙarshen biyu suna da goyon baya a kan casing, ƙarshen kusa da gefen shaye-shaye yana da goyon bayan zamewa, kuma ƙarshen kusa da gefen shan iska yana goyon bayan kafaffen.
Akwai motocin jagora masu jujjuyawa a matakai daban-daban da ɗigon vane na atomatik, cranks, sliders, da sauransu. ga kowane vane ɗin jagora akan silinda mai ɗaukar vane.A tsakiyar ganye mai ɗaukar hoto ne mai son tsari tare da kyakkyawan tasirin kai, da rayuwar sabis ya wuce shekaru 25, wanda yake da aminci kuma abin dogaro ne.Ana shigar da zoben rufewa na silicone a kan kututturen vane don hana zubar iskar gas da shigar ƙura.Ana ba da filaye masu rufewa a gefen waje na shaye-shaye na ƙarshen silinda mai ɗaukar hoto da goyan bayan rumbun don hana zubewa.
3. Daidaita silinda da injin daidaitawar vane
Silinda mai daidaitawa yana welded da faranti na ƙarfe, an raba shi a kwance, kuma an haɗa tsakiyar tsagawar ƙasa ta kusoshi, wanda ke da tsayin daka.Ana goyan bayan shi a cikin akwati a maki huɗu, kuma ana yin goyan bayan goyan bayan guda huɗu daga ƙarfe "Du" maras shafa.Maki biyu a gefe guda an rufe su, suna ba da damar motsi axial;maki biyu a gefe guda suna haɓaka Nau'in yana ba da damar haɓaka axial da radial thermal, kuma ana shigar da zoben jagora na matakai daban-daban na vanes a cikin silinda mai daidaitawa.
Na'urar daidaitawa ta stator ta ƙunshi motar servo, farantin haɗi, silinda mai daidaitawa da silinda mai goyan bayan ruwa.Ayyukansa shine daidaita kusurwar igiyoyin stator a duk matakan kwampreso don saduwa da yanayin aiki mai canzawa.Ana shigar da motoci guda biyu na servo a bangarorin biyu na compressor kuma an haɗa su tare da silinda mai daidaitawa ta hanyar haɗin haɗin gwiwa.Motar servo, tashar mai mai wuta, bututun mai, da saitin na'urorin sarrafawa ta atomatik suna samar da injin servo na ruwa don daidaita kusurwar vane.Lokacin da babban matsi mai lamba 130bar daga tashar mai na wutar lantarki ya yi aiki, ana tura piston na motar servo don motsawa, kuma farantin haɗin yana motsa silinda mai daidaitawa don motsawa cikin daidaitawa a cikin hanyar axial, kuma madaidaicin yana motsa stator vane don juyawa. ta hanyar crank, don cimma manufar daidaita kusurwa na stator vane.Ana iya gani daga buƙatun ƙirar aerodynamic cewa adadin daidaitawar kusurwar vane na kowane mataki na kwampreso ya bambanta, kuma gabaɗaya adadin daidaitawa yana raguwa a jere daga mataki na farko zuwa mataki na ƙarshe, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar zaɓar tsayin. na crank, wato, daga mataki na farko zuwa mataki na karshe yana karuwa da tsayi.
Silinda mai daidaitawa kuma ana kiranta “Silinda ta tsakiya” saboda an sanya shi tsakanin casa da silinda mai ɗauke da ruwa, yayin da casing da silinda mai ɗaukar ruwa ana kiranta “Silinda ta waje” da “Silinda ta ciki” bi da bi.Wannan tsarin silinda mai nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) yana rage raguwa da damuwa na naúrar saboda haɓakawar thermal, kuma a lokaci guda yana hana tsarin daidaitawa daga ƙura da lalacewar inji da ke haifar da abubuwan waje.
4. rotor da ruwan wukake
Rotor ya ƙunshi babban shaft, ruwan wukake masu motsi a kowane matakai, shinge na sarari, ƙungiyoyin kulle ruwa, ruwan kudan zuma, da dai sauransu. Rotor yana da daidaitaccen tsarin diamita na ciki, wanda ya dace da aiki.
An ƙirƙira mashin ɗin daga ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na babban abin shaft ɗin yana buƙatar gwadawa da bincika sosai, kuma ana bincika fihirisar aikin ta hanyar toshewar gwaji.Bayan m injin, ana buƙatar gwajin gudu mai zafi don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma kawar da ɓangaren damuwa.Bayan abubuwan da ke sama sun cancanta, ana iya sanya shi cikin injin gamawa.Bayan kammalawa, ana buƙatar duba launi ko duban abubuwan maganadisu a cikin mujallu a ƙarshen duka, kuma ba a yarda da fasa ba.
Wuraren motsi da tsayayyen ruwan wukake an yi su ne da bakin karfe na ƙirƙira blanks, kuma albarkatun ƙasa suna buƙatar bincika abubuwan sinadaran, kaddarorin injiniyoyi, abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba da fashe.Bayan an goge ruwan ruwa, ana yin yashi mai ɗumi don haɓaka juriyar gajiya.Wurin kafa yana buƙatar auna mitar, kuma idan ya cancanta, yana buƙatar gyara mita.
Ana shigar da igiyoyi masu motsi na kowane mataki a cikin tsagi mai juyawa na tsaye mai siffar bishiya tare da kewayawa, kuma ana amfani da tubalan sararin samaniya don sanya ruwan wukake biyu, kuma ana amfani da tubalan kulle sararin samaniya a matsayi da kulle manyan igiyoyin motsi biyu. shigar a ƙarshen kowane mataki.m.
Akwai fayafai ma'auni guda biyu da aka sarrafa a ƙarshen ƙafafun, kuma yana da sauƙin daidaita ma'aunin nauyi a cikin jirage biyu.Ma'auni na ma'auni da hannun rigar hatimi suna samar da piston ma'auni, wanda ke aiki ta hanyar bututun ma'auni don daidaita wani ɓangare na ƙarfin axial da ke haifar da pneumatic, rage nauyin da ke kan matsawa, da kuma sanya nauyin a cikin yanayi mafi aminci.
5. Gland
Akwai hannun rigar ƙarshen hatimin hatimi a gefen shaye-shaye da ɓangaren shaye-shaye na compressor bi da bi, kuma farantin hatimin da aka saka a cikin sassan da ke daidai da na'ura mai juyi suna samar da hatimin labyrinth don hana zubar da iskar gas da zubar da ciki.Don sauƙaƙe shigarwa da kiyayewa, an daidaita shi ta hanyar shingen daidaitawa a kan da'irar waje na suturar sutura.
6. Akwatin ɗaukar nauyi
Ana shirya radial bearings da ƙwanƙolin turawa a cikin akwati, kuma ana tattara man da za a shafa a cikin akwatin a mayar da su cikin tankin mai.Yawancin lokaci, kasan akwatin an sanye shi da na'urar jagora (lokacin da aka haɗa), wanda ke aiki tare da tushe don yin cibiyar naúrar da thermally fadada a cikin axial shugabanci.Don mahalli mai tsaga, ana shigar da maɓallan jagora guda uku a ƙasan gefe don sauƙaƙe haɓakar yanayin zafi na gidan.Hakanan ana shirya maɓallin jagorar axial a gefe ɗaya na casing don dacewa da murfi.Akwatin ɗaukar hoto yana sanye da na'urorin sa ido kamar ma'aunin zafin jiki, ma'aunin girgizar rotor, da ma'aunin ƙaura.
7. daukewa
Yawancin ƙwanƙwasa axial na rotor ana ɗaukar su ta hanyar ma'auni, kuma ragowar ƙarfin axial na kusan 20 ~ 40kN yana ɗaukar nauyin turawa.Za a iya daidaita maƙallan turawa ta atomatik bisa ga girman nauyin don tabbatar da cewa nauyin da ke kan kowane kullin yana rarraba daidai.An yi mashin ɗin tuƙi da simintin ƙarfe na carbon Babbitt gami.
Akwai nau'i biyu na radial bearings.Compressors tare da babban iko da ƙananan gudu suna amfani da elliptical bearings, da kuma compressors tare da ƙananan wuta da babban gudu suna amfani da katakon katako.
Manyan na'urori gabaɗaya suna sanye da na'urorin jacking masu matsa lamba don dacewa da farawa.Matsakaicin matsa lamba yana haifar da babban matsin lamba na 80MPa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma an shigar da tafkin mai mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin radial bearing don ɗaga rotor da rage juriya na farawa.Bayan farawa, matsa lamba mai ya ragu zuwa 5 ~ 15MPa.
Kwamfuta mai gudana axial yana aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙira.Lokacin da yanayin aiki ya canza, wurin aiki zai bar wurin ƙira kuma ya shiga yankin yanayin aiki mara ƙira.A wannan lokacin, ainihin yanayin yanayin iska ya bambanta da yanayin aiki na ƙira., kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, yanayin kwarara mara ƙarfi yana faruwa.Daga ra'ayi na yanzu, akwai yanayin aiki marasa ƙarfi da yawa: wato, yanayin aiki mai jujjuyawa, yanayin aiki da kuma toshe yanayin aiki, kuma waɗannan yanayin aiki guda uku suna cikin yanayin aiki mara ƙarfi.
Lokacin da kwamfyutar axial kwarara aiki a karkashin wadannan m yanayin aiki, ba kawai za a yi aiki tabarbarewa sosai, amma wani lokacin karfi vibration zai faru, don haka da cewa na'urar ba zai iya aiki kullum, har ma da tsanani lalacewa hatsarori zai faru.
1. Juyawa rumfa na axial kwarara kwampreso
Wurin da ke tsakanin ƙaramin kusurwar vane na tsaye da mafi ƙarancin layin kusurwar aiki na siffar lanƙwasa na axial flow compressor ana kiranta wurin jujjuya rumfuna, kuma rumfar mai jujjuya ta kasu kashi biyu: rumfar ci gaba da rumbun kwamfyuta.Lokacin da ƙarar iska ya yi ƙasa da iyakar layin rumbun da ke jujjuyawar babban fan ɗin axial-flow, iskar da ke bayan ruwan za ta karye, kuma iskar da ke cikin injin za ta haifar da motsi mai motsi, wanda zai haifar da ruwan wukake. yana haifar da matsananciyar damuwa kuma yana haifar da lalacewar gajiya.
Don hana tsayawa, ana buƙatar ma'aikacin ya san yanayin yanayin injin, kuma ya wuce ta wurin tsayawa da sauri yayin aikin farawa.A yayin aiwatar da aiki, mafi ƙarancin kusurwar stator bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da ƙayyadadden ƙimar bisa ga ƙa'idodin masana'anta ba.
2. Axial Compressor Surge
Lokacin da kwampreso yayi aiki tare da hanyar sadarwa na bututu tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, lokacin da compressor yana aiki a cikin babban matsi da ƙarancin ruwa, da zarar ƙimar kwampressor ɗin ya yi ƙasa da wani ƙima, ƙarancin iska na baya na ruwan wukake zai kasance. da gaske sun rabu har sai an toshe hanyar, kuma iskar za ta buge da ƙarfi.Kuma samar da wani oscillation tare da iska iya aiki da iska juriya na kanti bututu cibiyar sadarwa.A wannan lokacin, sigogin iska na tsarin hanyar sadarwa suna canzawa sosai gaba ɗaya, wato, ƙarar iska da matsa lamba suna canzawa lokaci-lokaci tare da lokaci da girma;iko da sautin kwampreso duk suna canzawa lokaci-lokaci..Canje-canjen da aka ambata a sama suna da tsanani sosai, yana haifar da fuselage don rawar jiki da ƙarfi, har ma injin ɗin ba zai iya kula da aiki na yau da kullun ba.Wannan al'amari shi ake kira surge.
Tun da hawan jini wani lamari ne da ke faruwa a cikin na'ura da tsarin sadarwar gabaɗaya, ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da halaye na ciki na kwampreso ba, har ma ya dogara da halaye na cibiyar sadarwar bututu, kuma girmansa da mitarsa suna mamaye girma. na cibiyar sadarwa na bututu.
Sakamakon karuwa sau da yawa yana da tsanani.Zai haifar da na'ura mai kwakwalwa da na'ura mai kwakwalwa don jujjuya damuwa da karaya, haifar da rashin daidaituwa na matsa lamba don haifar da rawar jiki mai ƙarfi, haifar da lalacewa ga hatimi da bugun bearings, da haifar da rotor da stator don yin karo., haddasa munanan hadura.Musamman don matsa lamba axial kwarara compressors, karuwa na iya lalata injin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, don haka ba a yarda da kwampreso ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓaka ba.
Daga binciken farko na sama, an san cewa hawan yana faruwa ne da farko ta hanyar rumbun jujjuyawar da aka yi sakamakon rashin daidaita ma'aunin sararin samaniya da sigogin geometric a cikin injin kwampreso cascade a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki masu canzawa.Amma ba wai duk rumfunan jujjuyawar dole ne su kai ga karuwa ba, na karshen kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin hanyar sadarwa na bututu, don haka samuwar abin mamaki ya haɗa da abubuwa guda biyu: a ciki, ya dogara da kwampreshin kwararar axial A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kwatsam kwatsam ya faru. ;a waje, yana da alaƙa da iyawa da kuma sifa mai mahimmanci na cibiyar sadarwar bututu.Na farko shine dalili na ciki, yayin da na ƙarshe shine yanayin waje.Dalilin ciki kawai yana haɓaka haɓakawa tare da haɗin gwiwar yanayin waje.
3. Blockage na axial compressor
An gyara yankin makogwaro na compressor.Lokacin da adadin ya karu, saboda karuwar saurin axial na iskar iska, saurin dangi na iska yana ƙaruwa, da kuma mummunan kusurwa na harin (kusurwar harin shine kusurwa tsakanin alkiblar iska da kusurwar shigarwa. na shigar ruwa) kuma yana ƙaruwa.A wannan lokacin, matsakaicin matsakaicin iska a kan ƙaramin yanki na mashigin cascade zai kai saurin sauti, ta yadda magudanar ruwa ta kwampreta za ta kai ga ƙima mai mahimmanci kuma ba za ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa ba.Ana kiran wannan lamarin toshewa.Wannan toshewa na vanes na farko yana ƙayyade iyakar magudanar ruwa.Lokacin da matsi na shaye-shaye ya ragu, iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin kwampreso zai ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa saboda haɓakar ƙarar faɗaɗawa, kuma toshewar kuma zai faru lokacin da kwararar iska ta kai saurin sauti a cikin cascade na ƙarshe.Saboda an toshe iskar da ke bibiyar ruwan karshe, sai karfin iskan da ke gaban ruwan karshe ya karu, sannan karfin iskan da ke bayan ruwan karshe ya ragu, wanda hakan ke haifar da bambancin matsa lamba tsakanin gaba da bayan ruwan karshe, ta yadda hakan zai sa karfin iskan da ke bayan ruwan karshe ya karu. Ƙarfin da ke gaba da baya na ruwa na ƙarshe ba shi da daidaituwa kuma yana iya haifar da damuwa.haifar da lalacewar ruwa.
Lokacin da aka ƙayyade siffar ruwa da sigogin cascade na axial flow compressor, ana kuma gyara halayensa na toshewa.Ba a yarda da compressors na axial suyi aiki na dogon lokaci a yankin da ke ƙasa da layin shaƙa.
Gabaɗaya magana, kula da ƙwayar cuta na axial flow compressor baya buƙatar zama mai tsauri kamar yadda ake buƙatar kulawar rigakafi, ba a buƙatar aikin sarrafawa da sauri, kuma babu buƙatar saita wurin tsayawar tafiya.Dangane da ko saita ikon hana rufewa, ya rage na kwampreso da kansa Nemi shawara.Wasu masana'antun sun yi la'akari da ƙarfafawar wukake a cikin zane, don haka za su iya jure wa karuwar damuwa, don haka ba sa buƙatar saita kulawar toshewa.Idan masana'anta bai yi la'akari da cewa ana buƙatar ƙara ƙarfin ruwa lokacin da abin toshewa ya faru a cikin ƙira, dole ne a samar da wuraren sarrafa atomatik na hana hanawa.
The anti-clogging tsarin kula da axial kwarara kwampreso ne kamar haka: a malam buɗe ido anti-clogging bawul aka shigar a kan kanti bututun na kwampreso, da kuma biyu gano siginar na mashiga kwarara kudi da kanti matsa lamba ne a lokaci guda shigarwa zuwa ga anti-clogging regulator.Lokacin da matsa lamba na injin ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙasa kuma wurin aiki na injin ɗin ya faɗi ƙasa da layin hana toshewa, ana aika siginar fitarwa na mai daidaitawa zuwa bawul ɗin hana rufewa don sanya bawul ɗin kusa da ƙarami, don haka karfin iska yana ƙaruwa. , yawan kwarara ya ragu, kuma wurin aiki ya shiga layin hana hanawa.Sama da layin toshewa, injin yana kawar da yanayin toshewa.
